[128] Lactation in otariids may last 6–11 months; in the Galápagos fur seal it can last as long as 3 years. The rod pigments of all but one of the pinnipeds were similar to those of the sea otter, polar bear, and most other terrestrial carnivores with spectral peak sensitivities (lambda(max)) of 499 or 501 nm. [154] For sea lions used in entertainment, trainers toss a ball at the animal so it may accidentally balance it or hold the ball on its nose, thereby gaining an understanding of the behavior desired. They have streamlined bodies and four limbs that are modified into flippers. The earliest fossils of Odobenidae—Prototaria of Japan and Proneotherium of Oregon—date to 18–16 Mya. [138], Various human cultures have for millennia depicted pinnipeds. Sea otters and polar bears have ears that are less specialized for underwater hearing when compared to pinnipeds. The genera Valenictus and Odobenus developed elongated tusks. The prey usually escapes, and seals are often seen with shark-inflicted wounds. [136] Male walruses may help inexperienced young as they learn to swim, and have even been recorded caring for orphans. They can also turn their hind-flippers forward and "walk" on land. "Parental behavior", pp. Other species known to enter freshwater include California sea lions and South American sea lions. The Caspian seal's ancestor became isolated as the Paratethys shrank, leaving the animal in a small remnant sea, the Caspian Sea. [13] One species, Enaliarctos emlongi, exhibited notable sexual dimorphism, suggesting that this physical characteristic may have been an important driver of pinniped evolution. With the Japanese sea lion and the Caribbean monk seal recently extinct, ten more are considered at risk, as they are ranked "Endangered" (Hawaiian monk seal, Mediterranean monk seal, Galápagos fur seal, Australian sea lion, New Zealand sea lion, Caspian seal, and Galápagos sea lion) or "Vulnerable" (northern fur seal, hooded seal, and walrus). Most of the other otariids diversified in the Southern Hemisphere. When foraging, Weddell seals typically dive for less than 15 minutes to depths of around 400 m (1,300 ft) but can dive for as long as 73 minutes and to depths of up to 600 m (2,000 ft). More than 100,000 phocids (especially ringed seals) as well as around 10,000 walruses are harvested annually by native hunters. The extinct family Desmatophocidae lived 23–10 Mya in the North Atlantic and had elongated skulls, fairly large eyes, cheekbones connected by a mortised structure and rounded cheek teeth. Territorial boundaries are usually marked by natural breaks in the substrate,[114] and some may be fully or partially underwater. 861–66 in Perrin, Würsig and, Berta, A. [111], Lek systems are known to exist among some populations of walruses. [13] A 2006 molecular study supports the division of phocids into two monophyletic subfamilies: Monachinae, which consists of Mirounga, Monachini and Lobodontini; and Phocinae, which includes Pusa, Phoca, Halichoerus, Histriophoca, Pagophilus, Erignathus and Cystophora. [80], Pinnipeds spend many months at a time at sea, so they must sleep in the water. [114] Elephant seal males establish dominance hierarchies with the highest ranking males—the alpha males—maintaining harems of as many as 30–100 females. But seals' furry, generally stubby front feet — thinly webbed flippers, actually, with a claw on each small toe — seem petite in comparison to the mostly skin-covered, elongated fore flippers that sea lions possess. Larger animals like walruses and Steller sea lions are much less common. [28][29] Pinniped skulls have large eye orbits, short snouts and a constricted interorbital region. The pure white fur of harp seal pups conceals them in their Arctic environment. Alternatively, this lineage may have spread from the North Pacific to the Arctic and subsequently the North Atlantic during the Pleistocene. [12] The anterior end of an otariid's frontal bones extends between the nasal bones, and the supraorbital foramen is large and flat horizontally. [152] In 2011, a captive California sea lion named Ronan was recorded bobbing its head in synchrony to musical rhythms. In this publication, he traced the history of names, gave keys to families and genera, described North American species and provided synopses of species in other parts of the world. Zoologist Georges Cuvier noted during the 19th century that wild seals show considerable fondness for humans and stated that they are second only to some monkeys among wild animals in their easy tamability. [127] Female Steller sea lions are known to solicit mating with their territorial males. For purposes of this chapter, the northeast-ern Pacifi c Rim includes, from south to north, Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacifi c, edited by Hauling behavior of pinnipeds is particularly synchronous and predictable, producing seasonally dense hauled-out aggregations that can be anticipated readily in space and time. [37], When swimming, otariids rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to penguins and sea turtles. Some calls have around seven rhythm patterns and are comparable to birdsongs and whalesongs. Otariids and walruses are capable of turning their hind-flippers forward and under the body so they can "walk" on all fours. Sharks usually attack by ambushing them from below. [86] Polar-living species haul out on to both fast ice and drift ice. [13], The ancestors of the Otarioidea and Phocoidea diverged 33 mya. [11], Otariids are also known as eared seals due to the presence of pinnae. Odobenids further diversified in the middle and late Miocene. An exception to this is the walrus, where females form dense aggregations perhaps due to their patchy food sources. [107] Of the 33 species, 20 breed on land, and the remaining 13 breed on ice. As in many mammals and birds, pinnipeds possess nictitating membranes. The earliest fossil Pithanotaria, found in California, is dated to 11 mya. Otariids are more vocal on land, while phocids are more vocal in water. Some terrestrial (land-based) mammals can be confused with marine mammals when seen swimming in ocastal marine waters. [119], With the exception of the walrus, which has five- to six-year-long inter-birth intervals, female pinnipeds enter estrous shortly after they give birth. Pups are more commonly taken by orcas, but adults can be targeted as well. [102], The mating system of pinnipeds varies from extreme polygyny to serial monogamy. [149] Female elephant seals make an unpulsed attraction call when responding to their young. 881–884 in Perrin, Würsig and, Ralls, K.; Mesnick, S. "Sexual dimorphism", pp. As in modern seals, Pteroarctos had an orbital wall that was not limited by certain facial bones (like the jugal or lacrimal bone), but was mostly shaped by the maxilla. Pinnipeds can be found on every continent on Earth, though most species occur in cold-water environments. Otters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs, with webbed paws. Two Alaska The last recorded individual was a juvenile in 1974. These are important for detecting their prey on the muddy sea floor. Although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. [34], In a match-to-sample task study, a single California sea lion was able to demonstrate an understanding of symmetry, transitivity and equivalence; a second seal was unable to complete the tasks. Several species had enlarged upper and lower canines. They kill their prey with their long tusks and eat their blubber and skin. [108] Species that breed on land are usually polygynous, as females gather in large aggregations and males are able to mate with them as well as defend them from rivals. To keep their blood pressure stable, phocids have an elastic aorta that dissipates some of the energy of each heartbeat. The length of the intestine may be an adaptation to frequent deep diving, as the increased volume of the digestive tract serves as an extended storage compartment for partially digested food during submersion. In the Bahamas, as many as 100 seals were slaughtered in one night. Dominant male elephant seals advertise their status and threaten rivals with "clap-threats" and loud drum-like calls[141] that may be modified by the proboscis. Like other marine mammals, seals sleep in water with half of their brain awake so that they can detect and escape from predators. It may require a year to train a sea lion to perform a trick for the public. [51] Pinnipeds appear to have limited color vision, as they lack S-cones. As a whole, pinnipeds can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, including coastal water, open ocean, brackish water and even freshwater lakes and rivers. Descended from either bear-like or otter-like creatures who entered the seas millions of years ago, these mammals have adapted to their marine existence in many ways. [26] A closer relative of extant pinnipeds was Pteronarctos, which lived in Oregon 19–15 mya. Like a modern otter, Puijila had a long tail, short limbs and webbed feet instead of flippers. As marine mammals go, sea otters are on the small side, about 100 pounds (45 kg). High levels of organic chemicals accumulate in these animals since they are near the top of food chains and have large reserves of blubber. Females typically mature earlier than males. The trachea is flexible enough to collapse under pressure. While most vocals are audible to the human ear, a captive leopard seal was recorded making ultrasonic calls underwater. Seals usually require cool, nutrient-rich waters with temperatures lower than 20 °C (68 °F). Most have sharp claws on their feet, and all except the sea otter have long, muscular tails. trapped in their thick fur, which is densest among all mammals. and suckle their young on the ice, and as such, are vulnerable to reductions in the extent and duration of sea ice. [33][111][112] Females of these species tend to aggregate less. [9] Of the three extant families, the Otariidae and Odobenidae are grouped in the superfamily Otarioidea,[10] while the Phocidae belong to the superfamily Phocoidea. [157] One of the earliest Ancient Greek coins depicts the head of a seal, and the animals were mentioned by Homer and Aristotle. Males of sexually dimorphic species also tend to have secondary sex characteristics, such as the prominent proboscis of elephant seals, the inflatable red nasal membrane of hooded seals and the thick necks and manes of otariids. In air, hearing is somewhat reduced in pinnipeds compared to many terrestrial mammals. They state that the exhibits could not be large enough to house animals that have evolved to be migratory, and a pool could never replace the size and biodiversity of the ocean. 1. otters, pinnipeds, and polar bears have a limited field of vision but a high depth perception 2. cetaceans and sirenians have a high field of vision and lower depth perception. They include the cetaceans (whales and dolphins), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), sea otters, and even the polar bear. They are commonly kept in captivity and are even sometimes trained to perform tricks and tasks. Caniformia consists of nine extant families, with three extinct families also recognized. [94] The age at which a pinniped sexually matures can vary from 2–12 years depending on the species. Like otariids, walruses are capable of turning their hind-flippers forward and can walk on land. [14] Five genera and seven species (one now extinct) of sea lion are known to exist, while two genera and nine species of fur seal exist. Examples include the crabeater seal, which primarily eats krill, the ringed seal, which eats mainly crustaceans, the Ross seal and southern elephant seal, which specialize on squid, and the bearded seal and walrus, which feed on clams and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Bears are known to use sit-and-wait tactics as well as active stalking and pursuit of prey on ice or water. Pinnipeds belong to the order Carnivora; their closest living relatives are bears and the superfamily of musteloids (weasels, raccoons, skunks, and red pandas), having diverged about 50 million years ago. [182] Wildlife officials have unsuccessfully attempted to ward off the sea lions using bombs, rubber bullets and bean bags. 7. The fish travel down the esophagus to the stomach. Berta, A. [178][179] Sea lions also conflict with fisherman since both depend on the same fish stocks. Acuity. They typically last 5–7 minutes with average depths to 30–45 m (98–148 ft). 1212–1216 in Perrin, Würsig and, Lavinge, D. M.; Kovacs, K. M.; Bonner, W. N. "Seals and Sea lions" 147–155 in MacDonald (2001), Forcada, J. This distinction is being questioned as indigenous people are using more modern weaponry and mechanized transport to hunt with, and are selling seal products in the marketplace. They do not like intruders in … Hauling behavior of pinnipeds is particularly synchronous and predictable, producing seasonally dense hauled-out aggregations that can be anticipated readily in space and time. [184] Critics like the Humane Society object to the killing of the sea lions, claiming that hydroelectric dams pose a greater threat to the salmon. The Sea Lon is an extended Pinniped with some new organs grown outwards. Phocids such as elephant seals, grey seals and hooded seals remain on land or ice and fast during their relatively short lactation period–four days for the hooded seal and five weeks for elephant seals. [137] Male California sea lions have been observed to help shield swimming pups from predators. [16] The lobodontine lineage emerged around 9 mya and colonized the southern ocean in response to glaciation. However, morphological and molecular evidence support a monophyletic origin. to the marine environment, these species lack many of the physiologic [52] Flexible eye movement has been documented in seals. Otariids typically have injuries in the hindquarters, while phocids usually have injuries on the forequarters. Pups are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos. [65], Unlike terrestrial mammals, such as rodents, pinnipeds do not move their vibrissae over an object when examining it but instead extend their moveable whiskers and keep them in the same position. [102] When out at sea, northern elephant seals dive out of the reach of surface-hunting orcas and white sharks. They could be distant relatives, but they don’t belong to the same specific group of marine mammals. Proponents of seal hunts insist that the animals are killed humanely and the white-coated pups are not taken, while opponents argue that it is irresponsible to kill harp seals as they are already threatened by declining habitat. [37] Phocids and walruses swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side,[45] while their fore-flippers are mainly used for steering. A.; Gregg, J. D. "Communication in marine mammals", pp. When diving, they reduce their heart rate and maintain blood flow only to the heart, brain and lungs. The males stay on land and try to mate with as many females as they can; some of them will even fast. Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) are often heard before they are seen. While their mothers are away, the pups will fast. Eventually, seal hunters used harpoons to spear the animals from boats out at sea, and hooks for killing pups on ice or land. [5] American zoologist Joel Asaph Allen reviewed the world's pinnipeds in an 1880 monograph, History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America. [39] Some species, such as ribbon seals, ringed seals and leopard seals, have patterns of contrasting light and dark coloration. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage (descended from one ancestral line). [138] Males can also pose threats to the safety of pups. They also harass and attempt to mate with females that head out to the water. [8] Pinnipedia was historically considered its own suborder under Carnivora. Otters are very territorial and live in family groups. To subdue and kill seals, orcas continuously ram them with their heads, slap them with their tails and fling them in the air. The meat, blubber and fur coats of pinnipeds have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the Arctic. [164] Organizations like PETA believe that such operations put the animals in danger. They are typically hunted by groups of 10 or fewer whales, but they are occasionally hunted by larger groups or by lone individuals. [41] As in most marine mammals, the kidneys are divided into small lobes and can effectively absorb water and filter out excess salt. Polygynous species include elephant seals, grey seals and most otariids. [101] Though they can drink seawater, pinnipeds get most of their fluid intake from the food they eat. limbs are webbed for swimming, but their front paws are padded with [77] As with other diving mammals, pinnipeds have high amounts of hemoglobin and myoglobin stored in their blood and muscles. Sea otters are a marine mammal of the mustelid family, meaning they are big, ocean-going weasels. They also state that the tricks performed for audiences are "exaggerated variations of their natural behaviors" and distract the people from the animal's unnatural environment. Seals range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (99 lb) Baikal seal to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb) southern elephant seal male, which is also the largest member of the order Carnivora. Otariids have visible external ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. In temperate and tropical areas, they haul out on to sandy and pebble beaches, rocky shores, shoals, mud flats, tide pools and in sea caves. In addition, sea lions are known to "ride" waves, which probably helps them decrease their energy usage. [100] Some species may swallow stones or pebbles for reasons not understood. Cetaceans are completely aquatic animals that breathe through nostrils (blowholes) on top of the head. All fully furred species molt; phocids molt once a year, while otariids gradually molt all year. Pinniped fossils are known from ocean deposits all over the world, though their fossil record is spotty, leaving lots of open questions about their evolution. Sea otters also look and behave like pinnipeds, plus they’re the largest member of the weasel family. The leopard seal is known to prey on numerous other species, especially the crabeater seal. [128][129] Gestation in seals (including delayed implantation) typically lasts a year. Deep-diving species such as elephant seals have blood volumes that represent up to 20% of their body weight. [168] The scale of seal harvesting decreased substantially after the 1960s,[167] after the Canadian government reduced the length of the hunting season and implemented measures to protect adult females. Pups of these species are weaned at lower weights than their phocid counterparts. Terrestrial locomotion is easier for phocids on ice, as they can sled along. [143] The underwater vocals of Weddell seals can last 70 seconds, which is long for a marine mammal call. [68] Walruses have the most vibrissae, at 600–700 individual hairs. [109], Polygynous species also tend to be extremely sexual dimorphic in favor of males. In addition, the walrus lacks external ear flaps. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), Otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals). [48] Ice-living seals like the harp seal have corneas that can tolerate high levels of ultraviolet radiation typical of bright, snowy environments. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively short period of time while others take foraging trips at sea between nursing bouts. The extant families are monophyletic according to phylogenetic molecular analysis. For program information, contact Alaska Sea Grant, PO Box 755040, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775-5040. In addition, walruses feed solitarily but are often near other walruses in small or large groups that may surface and dive in unison. Teeth chattering, hisses and exhalations are also made as aggressive warnings. Pinnipeds are present in habitats ranging from ice to tropics, coastal to pelagic waters, and may live a migratory or sedentary existence. [173] The Japanese sea lion was common around the Japanese islands, but overexploitation and competition from fisheries drastically decreased the population in the 1930s. Baikal Seal [142] Male otariids have strong barks, growls, roars and "whickers". [78] In addition, the blood vessels in their flippers are adapted for countercurrent exchange. The individual hairs on the coat, known collectively as lanugo, can trap heat from sunlight and keep the pup warm. 830–835 in Perrin, Würsig and, Reeves, R. "Hunting of marine mammals", pp. Pinnipeds are divided into two families: Eared seals or sea … This helps them gain experience in controlling females. Pinnipeds live only in rich marine environments and a few inland or tropical freshwater systems. Eared Seals. [35] In some instances, only the largest males are able to reach the furthest deepest foraging grounds where they enjoy maximum energetic yields that are unavailable to smaller males and females. [153] In 1971, a captive harbor seal named Hoover was trained to imitate human words, phrases and laughter. [117] Individuals also return to the same territorial site each breeding season. Large sharks are another major predator of pinnipeds—usually the great white shark but also the tiger shark and mako shark. [13] The monochines diversified southward. They cannot pull their hind-flippers forward, and move on land by lunging, bouncing and wiggling while their fore-flippers keep them balanced. Fish and Wildlife Service manages northern sea otters, walrus, manatees, and polar bears. [87], Pinnipeds have an amphibious lifestyle; they spend most of their lives in the water, but haul out to mate, raise young, molt, rest, thermoregulate or escape from aquatic predators. They divide their time between "hauling out" (resting) on offshore rocks and being in the ocean. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism. marine ice and waters. [140] The calls are described are "loud" and "bawling". [35][36], Almost all pinnipeds have fur coats, the exception being the walrus, which is only sparsely covered. [110], Other seals, like the walrus and most phocids, breed on ice with copulation usually taking place in the water (a few land-breeding species also mate in water). Females usually live longer, as males tend to fight and often die before reaching maturity. Otariids rely on the movements of their heads and necks more than their hind-flippers during terrestrial locomotion. [102] Pinnipeds are also targeted by terrestrial and pagophilic predators. 1005–1011 in Perrin, Würsig and, Lavigne, D. M. "Harp seal", pp. Living pinnipeds mainly inhabit polar and subpolar regions, particularly the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. They are unintentionally caught in fishing nets by commercial fisheries and accidentally swallow fishing hooks. [44] Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing drag. Pinnipeds, also known as fin-footed mammals are often generalized as seals. Their hind They are both fissipeds, “split-footed” members of the order Carnivora, and are more closely related to terrestrial carnivores, like weasels, than seals or whales. The most common pinniped species kept in captivity is the California sea lion as it is both easy to train and adaptable. As marine mammals go, sea otters are on the small side, about 100 pounds (45 kg). [165] The Navy insists that the sea lions are removed once their mission is complete. Seal vs sea Lion vs Walrus vs Otter difference & comparison. The Japanese sea lion and the Caribbean monk seal have become extinct in the past century, while the Mediterranean monk seal and Hawaiian monk seal are ranked endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. [66] The vibrissae of some otariids grow quite long—those of the Antarctic fur seal can reach 41 cm (16 in). They also have a well-developed tapetum lucidum, a reflecting layer that increases sensitivity by reflecting light back through the rods. mammal least adapted to aquatic existence. Seals are more agile and flexible,[37] and some otariids, such as the California sea lion, are capable of bending their necks backwards far enough to reach their hind-flippers, allowing them to make dorsal turns. The calls appear to contain prefixes and suffixes that serve to emphasize a message. Elephant seals stay at sea 8–10 months a year and migrate between breeding and molting sites. Of the three, Puijila was the least specialized for aquatic life. The supraspinatous fossas are divided by a "secondary spine" and the bronchi are divided anteriorly. The northern elephant seal has one of the longest recorded migration distances for a mammal, at 18,000–21,000 km (11,000–13,000 mi). [46], The eyes of pinnipeds are relatively large for their size and are positioned near the front of the head. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. Visual displays also occur: Weddell seals will make an S-shaped posture when patrolling under the ice, and Ross seals will display the stripes on their chests and teeth when approached. Bolbosoma spp have been reported in pinnipeds. [16] The fossil monachine Monotherium and phocine Leptophoca were found in southeastern North America. The discovery of Puijila in a lake deposit suggests that pinniped evolution went through a freshwater transitional phase. [119] When a female elephant seal or grey seal is mounted by an unwanted male, she tries to squirm and get away, while croaking and slapping him with her tail. All are distinguished by having flippers instead of feet, and a lifestyle that requires them to climb out of the water in order to breed and raise their young. [27] The two extant elephant seal species diverged close to 4 mya after the Panamanian isthmus was formed. They can also dive 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and for as long as 77 minutes. Identification Guides for Otters and Pinnipeds of B.C. When large schools of fish or squid are available, pinnipeds such as certain otariids hunt cooperatively in large groups, locating and herding their prey. Solitary foraging species usually exploit coastal waters, bays and rivers. [146], In some pinniped species, there appear to be geographic differences in vocalizations, known as dialects,[147] while certain species may even have individual variations in expression. Even some fully furred species (particularly sea lions) are less haired than most land mammals. Ringed seals build dens underneath fast ice for protection. [122], Female pinnipeds do appear to have some choice in mates, particularly in lek-breeding species like the walrus, but also in elephant seals where the males try to dominate all the females that they want to mate with. The use of firearms in seal hunting during the modern era drastically increased the number of killings. 165 ] the age at which a pinniped sexually matures can vary from years... Propelling themselves with both the fore-flippers move in a clade with Potamotherium ( traditionally considered a )... Has unique upper canines that are modified into flippers orbital roof allow it to perform a trick for the of... Is an extended pinniped with some new organs grown outwards further inland and rest in sand dunes vegetation. 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Long, slim bodies and four limbs that are less haired than most mammals! 10 or fewer whales, but clinical disease and therapy are not,... Described from fossils located on the rostrum and mouth ( Drake et al., 2015 ) are. And mouth ( Drake et al., 2015 ) hunted to near extinction in the open.! Probably helps them decrease their energy usage decline of Steller sea lions using bombs, rubber bullets and bean.... The walrus relies on its hind-flippers for locomotion in a belly-up orientation when disturbed by intruders seals. Phocid counterparts their large size and playfulness make them popular attractions time between `` hauling out '' resting. Injured or killed during abductions nine extant families, with three extinct families also recognized and wavy while and. 66 ] the Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its lack of orbital roof allow it protrude. Pelvic bones and massive ankle bones the bearded seal 's eye is adapted seeing... Arrector pili, so their fur can be streamlined as are otters pinnipeds learn to swim and. Flights of stairs as active stalking and pursuit of prey on the front and back, the pups of species. Marine environment, these species are serially monogamous, including the harp seal '', pp 152 ] 2011. Fur, which may allow then to travel faster for feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, occasionally with a greater of. Century, with only a small remnant sea, so they can also create somewhat musical sounds with their throats... [ 91 ] walruses have the most elaborate vocal repertoire with separate, clawed digits and diverse of. The order Carnivora and the young suckle upside down recorded making ultrasonic calls underwater may with! Imitate human words, phrases and laughter is mostly spherical, and (! See them on offshore rocks and being in the blubber [ 143 ] the heart, and... In harbors, and polar bears have ears that are not designed to withstand the weight several. Spend more time on the same fish stocks 111 ], pinnipeds can retract into the extremities... North Atlantic, the Hyaenidae ( hyenas ) were included, but they don t! One exception is the largest carnivoran 32 ] the navy insists that the sea and sun and considered! … they are swiming success in other ways in space and time lactation in may!

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